Throughout the XIX-XX centuries. another classification of languages \u200b\u200bis being developed, called typological,or morphological,classification. The main principle of this classification of languages \u200b\u200bis the provision that all languages \u200b\u200bof the world, regardless of whether they are related to each other or not, can be divided into types according to some common features of their structure, primarily the morphological structure of the word. Therefore, the classification received its double name. Although the typological classification of languages \u200b\u200bat the beginning of its emergence was primarily morphological, in reality the first concept is somewhat broader than the second, since the typological classification can take into account not only morphology, but also phonetic and syntactic features of the compared languages. Such classifications exist in modern linguistics. However, the most developed are typological classifications based on the analysis
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morphological structure of the word, which is why they have a double name.
The question of the type of language arose for the first time among German romantics, who believed that the originality of the language reflected the originality of the spirit of the people. One of the leaders of the German romantics, F. Schlegel (1772-1829), comparing Sanskrit with the Greek and Latin languages, as well as with the Türkic languages, divided all languages \u200b\u200binto two types - inflectional and nonlective, or affixal, later called agglutinative. This division correctly reflected the structure of the studied languages. However, it remained unclear where to include languages \u200b\u200bsuch as Chinese, where there are no inflections or regular affixes. W. Schlegel (1767-1845) revises the brother's classification, highlighting another type of languages \u200b\u200b- languages \u200b\u200bwithout grammatical structure, later called amorphous. W. Schlegel shows two possibilities of the grammatical structure of inflectional languages \u200b\u200b- analytical and synthetic. The classification of the Schlegel brothers is clarified by W. von Humboldt, which was greatly facilitated by his extensive knowledge of many languages \u200b\u200bof the world. He distinguishes the fourth type of languages \u200b\u200b- the incorporating one and notes the absence of "pure" representatives of one or another type of language. In the future, the typological classifications are refined, improved, carried out on new grounds, but the most generally recognized is the typological classification of languages, represented by four morphological types: inflectional, agglutinative, amorphous and incorporating.
In languages inflectionaltype of inflection is a stable and essential feature of the morphological structure of a word. Inflectional languages \u200b\u200bare characterized by the widespread use of inflections expressing a variety of grammatical meanings. In this case, inflection is most often polyfunctional, that is, it simultaneously expresses several grammatical meanings. For example, in the word armthe ending -a expresses three grammatical meanings at once: feminine, singular, nominative. Affixes in inflected languages \u200b\u200bcan occupy a very different position in relation to the root, acting either in the form of suffixes, then in the form of prefixes, then in the form of infixes. Inflectional languages \u200b\u200bare characterized by phonetically not conditioned
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new root changes (run - run, fly - fly, Buck - Bücher),the presence of a large number of types of declension and conjugation. A word in inflectional languages \u200b\u200bacts as an autonomous unit that carries indicators of its relationship to other words in a phrase or sentence.
Indo-European languages, first of all, belong to inflectional languages. For them, the division into languages \u200b\u200bof the analytical and synthetic systems is essential. Analytical systemassumes a wider use of official words, as well as phonetic means and word order for expressing grammatical meanings. The languages \u200b\u200bof the analytical system are English, French, Bulgarian and some other languages. Synthetic actioncharacterized by the greater role of word forms formed with the help of inflections, as well as formative suffixes and prefixes in the expression of grammatical meanings. The languages \u200b\u200bof the synthetic system include Russian, Polish, Belarusian, Lithuanian and other languages.
The second morphological type of languages \u200b\u200bis agglutinative (from Latin agglutinare - to glue), or agglutinating languages. Agglutination- this is the sequential gluing to the stem-root of special affixes, each of which expresses only one grammatical meaning. In the agglutinative type of languages, the boundaries of morphemes are clearly delineated from each other. The morphemes themselves remain significant in any combination and independently show their meaning. Agglutinative affixes do not change along with a change in the grammatical form of a word, for example, Bashkir:
im. units numbers bash (head)- pl. numbers bash-lar (heads)
genus p. units numbers bash-tyn (heads) -pl. numbers bash-lar-tyn (heads)
wine p. units numbers bash-you (head) -pl. numbers bash-lar-you (heads).
For agglutinative languages, the phenomena of simplification and re-decomposition, phonetically not conditioned by the alternation of sounds, are atypical. For languages \u200b\u200bof this type, a single type of declension and conjugation is characteristic. Agglutinative languages \u200b\u200binclude Türkic, Finno-Ugric, Dravidian and other languages. Moreover, the degree of agglutination is not the same in all languages.
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The third morphological type of languages \u200b\u200bis insulating, or amorphous,languages. These languages \u200b\u200bare characterized by the absence of word change, for example, Chinese words cha- tea, in -ya, bo-no, he - to drink,connected in sequence cha woo boo he,denote i don't drink tea(literally i don't drink tea).The absence of formal indicators of the interdependence of words in a phrase or in a sentence has led to the name of such languages \u200b\u200b- isolating languages. Grammatical meanings in isolating languages \u200b\u200bare expressed using function words, word order, musical stress and intonation. Their other name - amorphous - occurs because this type of language does not have a morphological form. Isolating languages \u200b\u200bare also called root languages, since the word in them is equal to the root, the stem. The absence of affixes of shaping also affects the expression of the connection between words. In root languages, this relationship is less formal and more semantic than in affix languages. The isolating languages \u200b\u200binclude Chinese, Vietnamese and some other languages.
The last morphological type of languages \u200b\u200bis incorporating(from Latin incorporare - to incorporate, include in its composition), or polysynthetic(from the Greek poly - a lot + syn-thetikos< synthesis - соединение, сочетание, составление = многообъединяющие), языки. Главная структурная особенность инкорпорирующих языков состоит в том, что предложение в них строится как сложное слово, то есть слова сливаются в одно общее целое, которое является и словом, и предложением. В результате возникают комплексы без формального выражения морфологии, сливающиеся в одно синтаксическое целое, начало которого - подлежащее, конец - сказуемое, а в середину инкор-порируются дополнения со своими определениями и обстоятель-ствами. Например, чукотское tyatakaanmyrkynconveys a Russian sentence in one complex structure: I kill fat deer.The sentence in this incorporation is conveyed by merging the individual words together: you are me, ata-fat, kaa- deer, nm - to kill, rkyn - to do.In fact, here we have not a combination of words, but their merging into one verbal form: i-fat-deer-kill-do.It contains the whole sentence, formally conveyed by incorporation. Poly-
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synthetism is characteristic of the Indian languages, the languages \u200b\u200bof the peoples of North-East Asia - the Chukchi, Koryak, Kamchadal and other languages.
In any language or group of languages, features of other morphological types can be found. So, agglutination is not alien to the Russian and Belarusian languages. It manifests itself in the past tense forms of verbs, in the forms of the imperative inclination of the plural verbs, in the formation of passive verbs using the postfix -sya (-sъ).Many languages \u200b\u200boccupy an intermediate position in the morphological classification, combining features of different types. For example, the languages \u200b\u200bof Oceania are classified as amorphous-agglutinative languages.
Batolites - large (conventionally - more than 100 km2) massifs, composed, as a rule, of granites and granodiorites. The contacts of these arrays are always secant (Fig. 15.2). Previously, batholiths were represented as rootless bodies going to great depths. It has now been found that the shape of the batholiths in the section resembles a tongue, since they usually have a clearly pronounced "base" and a supply channel. The lower boundary of the batholiths is studied either by geophysical methods or from drilling data. The standard geodynamic setting of batholith formation is suprasubduction continental margins or collisional.
Stocks usually called intrusions of cylindrical shape with vertical contacts or roughly isometric in plan massifs of obscure shape with an area less than 100 km 2, usually composed of granitoids. Rod contacts are always secant. They can form in different geodynamic settings, usually in volcano-plutonic belts of different genesis. Often, strictly round stocks, which usually form in intraplate settings, have pronounced fine-grained rims that create distinct ring structures (Fig. 15.3).
It Rf
Figure: 15.2. Geological map of the Chesme batholith of the Early Permian leucogranites of the Dzhabyk-Sanar complex. Southern Urals (according to A.V. Tevelev et al., 2000,
with simplifications):
- 1-3 - granites: 1 - gentle and steep aplite dikes, 2 - coarse-crystalline leucogranites of the main phase, 3 - fine-crystalline leucogranites of the endocontact facies; 4 - Early Carboniferous volcanic-carbonate complexes; 5 - Middle Upper Ordovician graywacke; 6-8 - elements of occurrence: 6 - magmatic flow textures, 7 - schistosity, 8 - systems of cracks; 9 - thrusts; 10 - other breaks;
- 11 - geological boundaries; 12 - hornfelses
Figure: 15.3.
Snapshot Google earth
Linear intrusives - these are arrays whose plan length is substantially greater than their width. They differ from dikes in that they are not limited to parallel surfaces (Fig. 15.4). Linear
y ^ 3 c 3 ub 2 C 3 v6 "c 3 C | V 2 Cj v,
Figure: 15.4. Linear granodiorite massif Tolkuduk. Kazakhstan: L - geological
map (according to V.F.Bespalov, 1982, with simplifications):
1-3 - Late Carboniferous gabbro-granite complex: 7 - granosyenites of the 3rd phase, 2 - granodiorites of the 2nd phase, 3 - gabbrodiorites of the 1st phase; 4,5 - Lower Carboniferous sedimentary rocks: 4 - medium visa, 5 - lower visa; 6 - structural lines; 7 - breaking violations; B - snapshot Google earth
intrusions can be composed of a wide variety of rocks: from ultramafic rocks to leucogranites. They are usually associated with breaks, but this connection is not always obvious. Often, however, linear intrusions are also associated directly with faults. They can form in different settings, usually in volcano-plutonic belts of different genesis.
Laccoliths are called small mushroom-like bodies, the boundaries of which are conformal to the bedding surfaces of the host rocks. In terms of morphology and composition of rocks, laccoliths of plutonic complexes are similar to laccoliths of volcanic complexes.
Lopoiaity - large saucer-shaped bodies, the boundaries of which are conformal to the bedding surfaces of the host rocks (Fig. 15.5). They are usually composed of basic, ultrabasic and alkaline rocks. Lopolites, as a rule, are formed in intraplate settings.
Figure: 15.5.
from A.E. Mikhailova, 1984)
Figure: 15.6.
Facolytes are small crescent-shaped intrusions in section, the boundaries of which are conformal to the bedding surfaces of the host rocks (Fig. 15.6). In most cases, the facolites occur in the cores of anticlinal folds. As a rule, facolites are syn-folded formations.
Magmatic diapirs small steep intrusions are called pear-shaped or beet-shaped intrusions with contacts that cut sharply at depth and conformal to the host strata at the top of the massif (Fig. 15.7). The enclosing rocks are deformed under the influence of intruding magma.
Dykes plutonic complexes do not differ morphologically from the dikes of volcanic complexes - most often they are small plate-like, wall-like bodies, vertical, steep or gentle, sharply intersecting with respect to the host rocks. Dikes are usually located within larger intrusions (Fig. 15.8), but they can also form independent bodies, belts and swarms in zones of regional and local extension.
Figure: 15.7.
In the lower part of the arrays, contacts are secant, and in the upper part, they are conformal to
Figure: 15.8.
Southern Urals
Sills - most often small plate-like bodies conformal to the bedding surfaces of the host rocks (interstratal intrusions). Sills of plutonic complexes do not differ morphologically from sills of volcanic complexes. They often occur at a strictly defined stratigraphic level, but sometimes they cut obliquely the members of stratified rocks. In the literature, sometimes there are descriptions of gently deposited sills that break through intrusions of granitoids. This interpretation is inaccurate, since a sill is by definition an interstratal intrusion, i.e. occurring in stratified layered formations.
Harpolytes called the crescent-shaped intrusive bodies, the feeding channel of which is located under one of the ends of the "sickle".
Types of allochthonous intrusions by geological complexity
buildings
Allochthonous intrusions are classified according to the complexity of the geological structure, meaning the number of intrusion phases and facies variability.
Simple single phase arrays formed as a result of one-act intrusion of magma, they have a more or less homogeneous composition and structure. Such massifs often have distinct fine-grained endocontact zones. They can be composed of any rocks from gabbro to leucogranite. In terms of morphology, these are mainly stocks, linear intrusions, dikes, laccoliths, and other small bodies.
Differentiated single-phase intrusions formed as a result of one-act intrusion of magma, but have significant structural-material inhomogeneities (due to crystallization differentiation, liquation, etc.). As a rule, they are composed of basic and ultrabasic rocks. By morphology, these are mainly lopolites, sometimes strongly elongated, with a large "stem" of the supply channel (Fig. 15.9).
Complex multiphase arrays formed as a result of several successive intrusions of portions of magma and are usually composed of rocks from basic and intermediate to felsic normal and subalkaline series. Rocks of different intrusion phases have intrusive contacts with each other. Sometimes they compose separate arrays, and in some cases they have different morphologies. But the most common are multiphase intrusions that form a single massif (Fig. 15.10).
A well-known example of a polyphase massif that has a common shape for all intrusion phases is the Konder ring massif of ultramaths, alkaline rocks and carbonatites (Fig. 15.11), located in the Khabarovsk Territory. The massif has a ring structure: dunites are localized in the core, then bodies are located in rings
Figure: 15.9.
from V.V. Belousova, 1986)
S-L Fig. 15.10. Geological map of the Akchatau Permian Alaskite stock. Kazakhstan
- (according to A.V. Tevelev et al., 1987, simplified):
- 1- granite-porphyry dikes and greisen bodies; 2 - fine-grained granites of the 3rd phase; 3 - fine-, medium-grained alaskites of the 2nd phase; 4 - medium-grained alaskites of the 1st phase; 5 - host rocks - Silurian sandstones and siltstones with marking
layers of mudstone
Figure: 15.11. Multiphase massif of ultramafic rocks, alkaline rocks and carbonatites Konder, Khabarovsk Territory. Snapshot Google earth
gabbroids and nepheline syenites. Carbonatites compose a series of ring and conical dikes among dunites and other rocks. The ring in the relief is formed by hornfelses along the Precambrian schists, set "on their heads" during the active intrusion of the massif. A large deposit of platinoids, gold, silver, etc. is associated with the massif.
Complex polygenic and polychronic plutons formed as a result of repeated intrusion of portions of magma, often at significant intervals in time; they include rocks of two or more plutonic complexes, often belonging even to different magmatic formations and different tectonic cycles.
Morphology is the science of the behavior of a word, manifested in two aspects: in the aspect of interaction with other words and in the aspect of the expressed meaning.
The concept of a grammatical method (already a morphological method), or morphological technique, is associated with the opposition of grammar and vocabulary.
Both vocabulary and grammatical units are symbolic, that is, they combine form (expression) and content (meaning, meaning, semantics).
In grammar, however, the allocation of a unit turns out to be a very nontrivial procedure. Moreover, the grammatical units themselves, due to regularity and obligation grammatical meanings, not self-sufficient, they are a manifestation of grammatical methods, techniques, types of expression.
The grammatical method is associated with linguistic typology, with the idea of \u200b\u200bthe grammatical structure of the language. The method is associated with the tool. A method is a certain mechanism, and a means is a material, more precisely, a sign unit.
Can be distinguished 5 main morphological ways used in modern Russian literary language... What makes them basic is that they have a segmental expression, that is, with the exception of "isolation" as immutability, a material carrier of grammatical meaning or its position can be presented. Moreover, these methods are used very regularly.
1. The inflectional method (inflectional). The means used in this method is flexion. Flexion - systemic morpheme. This means that if there is a position for inflection in a word, then it must be filled in. At the same time, different filling in general case expresses different meanings, opposed to each other as particulars, together forming a common, single meaning. Partial values \u200b\u200bin the aggregate exhaustively exhaust this total value... Thus, inflection is actual, in a statement, it acts and there is one, but potentially, in a paradigm, a word or a system of forms has at least two inflections.
The second feature of inflection is its ability to express several particular meanings at once. Thus, the inflection of a noun expresses at the same time the particular meaning of number and case. The inflectional inflection paradigm is, as a rule, a two-dimensional matrix, in which all word forms are opposed to each other.
Since inflection expresses several meanings at once, it cannot be said that potentially, in the language system, a particular grammatical meaning is expressed by only one inflection or one word form. Therefore, for inflectional languages, a special term is required denoting a part of a paradigm that collectively expresses a particular grammatical meaning within the categorical meaning. Such a term exists: it is a grammeme, a series of forms united by a particular grammatical meaning and opposed to other series of forms expressing other particular meanings within the categorical meaning. For example, the grammeme of the genitive noun spring consists of word forms spring and springsopposed to other case grammes. Therefore, it is theoretically incorrect to say that the preposition in fit with form the accusative case of a noun, there are two such forms, it is correct to say that it is combined with the gramme of the accusative case of the noun.
Inflection, thus, expresses all the grammatical meanings necessary for the full functioning of the word, being, as it were, a closing morpheme, complementing the agrammatical or not fully grammatical basis to a full-fledged word form. This leads to what E. Sapir called fusion: fusion, merging of stem and inflection into a single word form, perceived as an integral unit. Therefore, in the school practice of declension, it is not a base with a matrix that includes the entire set of inflections, but a matrix that includes word forms of a word.
In addition, a feature of the inflectional method is that it expresses the categories of dependence, that is, the subordination of a word to other words in the syntagma, forming syntactic links.
2. Agglutination - joining to the root, stem or inflection of an affix that has one grammatical meaning: suffix, prefix (prefix), postfix. The attached affix expresses this meaning, the absence of the affix indicates that this meaning is not present or the meaning attributed to the word "default" is taken.
The means of agglutination are grammatical suffixes, postfixes and, to a lesser extent and with less obviousness, prefixes.
In agglutinative languages, inflection is the addition to the root (or stem) of a series of agglutinative affixes, each of which carries the same meaning. There are two problems with this:
1) the problem of the integrity of the word, the presence of an explicit border between the root, which can be used independently, and the sequence of affixes. In the Altai languages \u200b\u200bthis problem is solved by the so-called vowel harmony: the vowels of all affixes take the same row (or lift) as the vowels of the root are characterized;
2) the problem of the order of affixes one after another, in connection with which the grammar of agglutinative languages \u200b\u200bis called the grammar of orders.
In inflectional Russian, agglutination is rare and extremely irregular. It is consistently used only in the verbal word and adjective. The categories formed by it have a controversial morphological status: type, voice, degree of comparison. The only exception is, perhaps, only the expression of the number in the imperative of the verb using the postfix -those: go - go those , let's go - let's go those .
Agglutinative affixes mark, as a rule, systems of forms that are completely opposed to each other, for example, participles opposed to other systems of verb forms, or a grammeme of the past tense of the indicative mood, opposed to grammemes of other tenses, or isolated word forms that are not capable of inflectional change, for example, infinitive or verb participle, analytical (unchangeable) comparative of an adjective.
3. Analyticism. A. Schleicher divided languages \u200b\u200binto three morphological types (systems): isolating, agglutinating and inflectional. A more formal quantitative classification used the concepts of analyticism, synthetism, and polysyntheticism, given the existence of incorporating languages.
There are two non-mutually exclusive types of analyticism:
- "Isolation", immutability, widely represented, for example, in Chinese.
- The use of official words, which is typical, for example, for modern English.
In modern Russian, both possibilities are used: a) the composition of unchangeable words is constantly being replenished, including adverbs, nouns and, less often, analytical adjectives, the question of the existence of which was raised but not resolved by M.V. Panov, b) four large classes of official words are used and also replenished: prepositions, conjunctions, particles and bundles.
4. Suppletivism. The means of this curious, from the point of view of the organization of the language, and asystemic method is the root, the change of which, often in combination with affixes, contrasts part of the word forms with another part of the word forms within the grammatical category. Since for a native speaker the root is the material basis of the word, the guarantor of its unity and integrity, Suppletivism is found in the most archaic and most frequent part of the vocabulary, which is acquired during the inconscious period of life. However, there are also supplementary formations that are quite late in terms of the existence of the language, for example, the third person pronoun: he / Æ – th... Etymologically, the nominative gramme has the base of the demonstrative pronoun on, and grammes of indirect cases go back to demonstrative pronoun and... Nevertheless, this relatively new phenomenon in our language corresponds to the general tendency towards suppletivism in the system of personal pronouns.
One case of suppletivism - in a species pair put over the course of several generations, it causes a whole war between “elite” and “democratic” native speakers: the democratically-minded part of the Russian language community demands the elimination of suppletivism and does not pay attention to the norm.
5. Syntagmatic method. This method is associated with language redundancy. The expression of some categories in the language is duplicated. This is primarily due to agreement, that is, assimilation of the dependent word to the main one in the syntagma. Categories of dependence / assimilation / agreement - gender, number and case. For example, in the statement I pulled up in a beige taxi meaning of number, gender and case of an unchangeable noun taxi are expressed in an adjective consistent with it.
However, in addition to grammatical agreement, often of a formal nature, there is the so-called semantic, or semantic, agreement, in which the semantic components coincide in the words that make up the syntagma. For example, in the statement We were in the city where the writer spent his childhood immutable pronoun where with spatial meaning agrees with the noun townsemantically.
Thus, in addition to the affix expression within a word, grammatical meanings are often expressed in adjacent significant words, by their affixes (with formal agreement) or by the lexemes themselves with identical semantic components. The first case presents an obvious syntagmatic expression, while the second case is less obvious.
Auxiliary methods, the action of which is not associated with segmental, material means and / or irregular, include
- word order: Mother (Them.) loves daughter (Vin.);
- accentuation, verbal and phrasal, So, verbs run throughand run, having a different form, differ in terms of expression in most forms only by stress.
- repetition (reduplication), which in Russian is a word-formation method, for example, red-red means 'very red'.
RG-82. Morphological category is a system of opposed rows of morphological forms with homogeneous meanings. The morphological category includes minimum two rows of shapes. Rows of shapes are components morphological category.
Categorical morph. value - morphological meaning common to all forms that form a series. H: the categorical meaning of the 2nd l. verb forms that differ in moods, tenses, types, voices, numbers are combined. All these forms form a number of morphological forms of the 2nd face.
Morphological oppositions (oppositions) -relationships between components of the same category. H: singular and plural; genus (m., f., Wed), etc.
-Word-modifying morphological categories Are categories whose members can be represented by forms of the same word. H: categories of case and number of a noun; category of the case of the numeral; categories of gender, number, case and degree of comparison of the adjective; categories of person, number, tense, mood and gender (in the past and subjunctive) of the verb; the category of the degree of comparison of the adverb.
The categorical meaning inherent in each of the opposing rows - members of inflectional categories and each form included in these rows is called inflectional value .
H: So, the category of case is based on the opposition of the following six series of forms, which may be represented by the form of the same word: 1) a number of forms of the nominative singular. and many others h; 2) a number of forms of genitive singular. and many others h; 3) a number of forms of the dative singular. and many others h; 4) a number of forms of the accusative singular. and many others h; 5) a number of forms of the instrumental singular. and many others h; 6) a number of prepositional singular forms. and many others h. Each of these series and each form included in this series is a carrier of categorical morphological meaning.
-Non-word morphological categories are categories whose members cannot be represented by forms of the same word. H: category of gender of a noun and category of a kind of verb... The categorical meaning inherent in each of the opposing rows - members of non-verbal categories and each word in all its forms included in these rows is called non-verbal value ... H:So, the category of the gender of a noun is based on the opposition of three series of morphological forms, which can only be represented by different in words: 1) a number of forms of the words husband. R.; 2) a number of forms of the words wives. R.; 3) a number of forms of words medium. R. The categorical morphological meaning of the genus is characteristic of each of these series and each word in the series, that is, the words husband. R. in all case forms, according to wives. R. in all case forms and medium words. R. in all case forms.
+ Collateral category(category of mixed type) - morphological category. It is based on opposition, which in one part of the collateral (in short suffering, and in their relation to the conjugated forms of the active voice) can be represented by the forms of the same word, and in the other part (in reflexive verbs in their relation to irrevocable) is represented only in different words (see § 1460, 1461).
Depending on what connections and relationships are reflected in categorical meanings, morphological categories are divided into categories identified
-syntagmatically (in syntactic compatibility) H: red tent (wordform red subject to word form tent and at the same time it is predetermined); read a book (wordform book subject to the word to read);
-nonsyntagmatically H: quantitative relations of objects, the degree of manifestation of a sign, limited or unlimited action by a limit, the temporal attribution of an action, its reality or unreality; the category of the number of noun, the category of the degree of comparison of the adjective and the adverb, the category of the type, tense and mood of the verb.
AND syntagmatically and non-syntagmatically identifiable categories can be as inflectional (for example, case and number of a noun, tense and mood of a verb), and non-verbal (for example, gender of a noun, kind of a verb).
Mil .: The grammatical category is based on the set grammatical meanings... In the word form, a specific GZ... Specific values \u200b\u200b(2 (binary c.) or more - gr. to. not have less than 2 members ) are included in the general GB H: word form indicates that one object is meant.
+ Gr.k., capable of opposing word forms of one lexeme, are called inflectional. Grk, not capable of opposing word forms of one lexeme - classifying / lexico-grammatical.
Onion.Typology: by the number of members (from 2 to 6), in relation to the parts of speech (monocategory - time, polycategorical - gender), according to the status of the members of the paradigm (wordism. (Word forms come into opposition) and not --- (lexical and grammatical: lexemes come into opposition)), according to the nature of the content (with a dominant nominative content and with --- syntactic ---).
5. Teaching about parts of speech in Russian. Problematic issues and transitional phenomena in the field of parts of speech.
Miloslavsky.Traditionally, in linguistics, lexemes lend themselves to classification, since the range of word forms behind them is known. But M. says it's not right. Since it would be logically more expedient to carry out a classification of actually observed objects - word forms. M. also says that morphology was pulled by the ears to study the parts of speech, tk. there are similar classifications in phonetics (pronunciation of different parts of speech), and in word formation (- // - various parts of speech), and in syntax (syntax functional decomp. parts of speech) - from here you can make the definition.
RG-82. Part of speech- the grammatical class of words that have: a common abstract grammatical and lexical meaning, a single complex of grammatical categories, the identical organization of paradigms and common syntactic functions. 10 : 1) noun; 2) a noun pronoun; 3) adjective name; 4) numeral name; 5) adverb; 6) verb; 7) preposition; 8) union; 9) particles; 10) interjection. With all the wealth of choice, one and the same word can act as different parts of speech. But not all philologists distinguish so many and such parts of speech (revenge-nouns / pronouns nouns / personal pronouns; participles and participles; words of the category of state). There are also problems within the parts of speech (short participles adjectives; excellent and comparative degree adjective).