Negroid (black) race - the race to which most of the indigenous population of Africa belongs. The characteristic features of Negroids are black skin, long legs and short thighs, curly hair-like hair, prognathism, and a wide flat nose.

The place of origin of the Negroid race - Central and South Africa - "the oldest population of the Sahara was Negroid" [Art. Africa].

Negroes speak the languages \u200b\u200bof various African families, groups and tribes.

At present, penetrating into all countries, it actively mixes with other races, poorly perceiving and not respecting their languages, culture, traditions, and national values \u200b\u200bof the indigenous population.

In a number of states, in particular the USA, the Negroid race has significant preferences over the Caucasian race (positive discrimination), in particular, the so-called. humanitarian aid, in the countries of North America a state allowance is paid, formed at the expense of deductions from working representatives of other races, incl. "Black" areas of most cities, access to representatives of other races is practically impossible due to insecurity (see, for example, Harlem, Detroit Ruins), suburbs of Paris.

In 2007, New York passed a racist segregation law prohibiting certain actions carried out by other races, in particular white, against the Negroid race (in particular, it is illegal to call Negroes Negroes; however, there are no similar prohibitions - whites whites - in the law) ...

In most countries, the Negroid race exhibits extremely high fertility, which leads to an imbalance in the balance of races.

Representatives of the Negroid race are not inclined to learning and are 15-25% lower than Caucasians, as evidenced by research conducted in the United States, which, however, was later banned as "racist". [ ]

As Dr. David Duke, a celebrated white rights activist, has shown in detail in his book Jewish Supremacism (My Awakening to Jewish Question.), Negroes themselves are incapable of any creative activity, not even defense. their rights. All over the world various black human rights organizations are created and funded with the support of Jewish leaders and money.

Almost all inhabitants of Africa south of the Sahara belong to the Negroid race, which includes three minor races.

Pygmies, traditionally hunting and gathering in the equatorial forests, represent the Negrillic race. They are distinguished by their small stature (on average about 140 cm), thin lips and a wide nose. Representatives of the pygmy race are quite small in number.

The San (Bushmen) and Koikoin (Hottentots) in South Africa form the Khoisan race. Their skin is lighter and wrinkled than that of Negroids, rather yellowish. Other features of the Khoisans are epicanthus (Mongolian eyelid), steatopygia; This is the name of the body's tendency to form a thick layer of fat on the thighs and buttocks. Now the Khoisans are few in number and live mainly in Botswana, Namibia, southern Angola and Zambia, but they once occupied much larger territories - apparently, the entire southern half of Africa.

The largest of the Negroid minor races is the Negro. Its representatives are distinguished by dark skin and eyes, curly hair, wide noses with low bridge of the nose, thick lips. But within this race the differences are also very great: for example, the peoples living in the upper reaches of the Nile are very tall, thin-boned and have very dark skin; the inhabitants of the Guinean coast of West Africa are more squat and stocky ...

The inhabitants of Ethiopia, the West Sudanese people of the Fulbe, as well as some peoples living on the southern border of the Sahara, are classified as a mixed Negroid-Caucasian race. Madagascar is inhabited by Mongoloids from Southeast Asia, mixed with Negroids. The Berbers and Arabs who roam the Sahara and live along its southern border belong to the Mediterranean species of the Caucasian race.

race Caucasian sub-Adriatic Falsky

Caucasoid race

The Caucasoid race is subdivided into a number of types: Nordic, Atlanto-Baltic, Sub-Adriatic, Falsky, East Baltic, Central-East European, Mediterranean, Balkan-Caucasian, Near-Asian, Caspian, Indo-Afghan types.

Nordic type

Widespread among the population of Northern Europe - northern Russians, Kashubians, Komi, northern Karelians, western Estonians, western Latvians, southwestern Finns, Swedes, most of the Norwegians, Germans of the northwestern regions of Germany, Dutch, British, Irish, northern French and etc.

Characteristic features: head index - meso-dychocephaly, physique - leptosomal, normosseous, height - high, hair structure - straight wavy, hair color - blond ash-blond golden-blond light-brown light-brown, nape - convex, face - leptoprosopia, the forehead is high, somewhat oblique, the location of the eyes is horizontal, the eye shape is characterized by a long eye shape, eye color is blue / gray, the nose is long, narrow, straight, protruding, base of the nose high, the tip of the nose is horizontal, sometimes raised, pointed, the lower jaw is deep, the lips are thin, the chin is narrow, angular, protruding, the growth of the beard and mustache is developed, the growth of body hair is normal, the skin is thin, white with a pinkish tinge.

Atlanto-Baltic type

Distributed in the UK, Scandinavian countries, Latvia and Estonia. It is characterized by very light pigmentation of the skin, eyes and hair, long nose length, mesocephaly, strong development of the tertiary hairline, tall.

Sub-Adriatic (Nori) type

The type identified by some anthropologists, called the sub-Adriatic (I. Deniker) or Nori, or Norik (the name was given by V. Lebzelter), from the Roman province of Noric, is close to the Dinaric type, the Balkan-Caucasian race.

I. Deniker described this type as subbrachycephalic, less often brachycephalic, of medium height, with brown hair, an average height of about 166 cm and a head index of 82-84. It is distributed in Champagne, Franche-Comte, Luxembourg, in the Dutch province of Zeeland, the Rhine provinces, in the north of the Grand Duchy of Baden, in eastern Bavaria and in southeastern Bohemia; found among Slovenes, and in one part of Lombardy and the Venetian region.

K. Kuhn described the Norik type as a light-colored brachycephalic with a flat nape, often found in southern Germany and elsewhere in central Europe. He considered this type to be a Nordic type, brachycephalized by a Dinaric admixture.

False type

Specifications. The False race is characterized by the highest growth among the Caucasians, a very hypersthenic (stocky) physique, meso-dolichocephaly, broad shoulders, a broad massive lower jaw with a "strong" chin, rather cheeky by Caucasian standards, a wide and short face, developed brow ridges, low occipital ridges rectangular eye sockets, gray or blue eyes and tough, wavy, reddish blond hair.

Spread. Typical for Westphalia (hence the name of the race); its representatives are also found in Scandinavia, mainly in southwestern Sweden, where the Ertebölle culture existed in antiquity. With the distance from the southwestern border inland, the percentage of people of this race is greatly reduced.

East Baltic type

According to G. Gunther's classification

G. Gunther noted that in terms of body proportions, the Eastern Baltic race, they are broad-boned and short, strong people. Men are distinguished by their large shoulder width. All parts of the body are rough and stocky: wide, short neck, short arms and fingers, short thick calves, heavy and large head.

The East Baltic race is short-headed and broad-faced; its skulls are coarser, bony, heavier and, above all, more angular than the eastern ones, they have more thickening and tubercles. But most of all characteristic of the East Baltic race is the large facial part of the skull in comparison with the cerebral part. The cranial index is slightly smaller than that of the Eastern race; the Eastern Baltic skulls are less short. The East Baltic skull is more prominent at the nape than the eastern one. This skull has a broad forehead with tubercles; its width is especially noticeable at the top of the forehead.

In profile, the massiveness of the face is noticeable, especially the lower jaw, even in women. The face is taller than that of the Eastern race. The angle of the lower jaw is greater than that of other races, approaching a right angle. Forehead sloping back, but not as large as in the Nordic race. The bridge of the nose is flatter than that of the Eastern race, but the nose protrudes more in the middle and lower part. The bridge of the nose is concave, the nose is turned up at the bottom. The chin goes back and is even less pronounced than that of the eastern race. The forehead is flatter than that of the Eastern race, and wide. The eyebrows are slightly curved upwards. The distance between the inner corners of the eyes is relatively large. The nose usually has a fairly wide and flat bridge and widens strongly downward. The nostrils are mutually located at an obtuse angle. The lower part of the nose is fleshy than that of the eastern race. The nose of the Eastern Baltic race is upturned more than that of other European races, with the exception of the Sudeten.

The zygomatic bones are more massive than those of other races, and slope slightly outward downward. The facial index is 85 on average. The lower jaw is massive and wide, short and high. The lower part of the face forms a triangle, the sides of which converge at a very obtuse angle at the chin. The width of the face in the cheek area is determined not by fat deposits, but by the width of the lower jaw. The folds from the wings of the nose to the corners of the mouth are very pronounced. The mouth is wider than that of other European races, with the exception of the False.

The eyes appear small because of the relatively short and low slits that rise slightly at the outer ends. The skin is light, with a gray tint, which can become so strong that the skin is no longer perceived as light. This skin can also be "olive gray". Sunburn only makes this skin a little darker. The hair on the head is coarse, light, and usually has a gray tint. The Nordic race can be called golden-light, the Eastern Baltic - ash-light. The eye color is light, rarely actually blue, usually watery blue. Gray eyes are common.

According to G. Gunther, the East Baltic race predominates in the north-east of Europe. The East Baltic race is strong in Finland, with the exception of the south and southwest, and in central and northwest Russia, with the exception of the regions adjacent to the Baltic. The Baltic peoples have a strong East Baltic admixture.

Mediterranean type

Characteristic features: characterized by a different, often short, asthenic physique, as a rule, a high face, dark or predominantly dark hair and almond-shaped eyes, more or less dark skin, a long nose, thicker lips than in northern Caucasians, and dolichocephaly.

Representatives

Most of the population of the Iberian Peninsula (Spain), southwestern France, southern and central Italy, southern and eastern Greece, the islands of the Mediterranean, and North Africa. The representatives of the Mediterranean race were the Sumerians, carriers of the Capsian culture, as well as minoan civilization Crete islands.

Anterior Asian type

The original carriers of this type were Alarodia (ancient Sino-Caucasians). The type formed the basis for some types of the Indo-Iranian-Arabian branch (mixing of the Proto-Asians with the proto-Mediterranean, and in some areas with the Mongoloids and Australoids). Described in 1911 by von Luschan. In many respects, the Asians approach the Caucasians and Dinarians (Balkans), but differ in their small stature, the shape of the nose and the plane of the occiput. Other names of this type: Armenoid, Alarodian, Syrian-Zagrossian, Semitic, Pontic-Zagrossian, Hittite (Anatolian), Assyrioid, Taurian. Deniker called this type Assyrioid and believed that it was characterized by a straight, narrow nose. The frequency of occurrence of a straight nasal dorsum is not geographically bound, this is due to the frequent cross-breeding of Armenians and Jews with other peoples (mainly, if representatives of another people profess Judaism or Gregorianism, since often religious belonging to a mono-ethnic religion is identified with ethnicity). There are albinos, usually within the central cluster - Western Asian features plus blonde hair and eyes. Some of the alternative names of the Near Asian type are used to denote related types, for example, the Assyrioid type, which is common among Kurds and Assyrians, is less brachycephalic and has a straight narrow nose. Semitic is often called the Semitic-Arabian type.

For the peoples of the Near East type, the second blood group is characteristic.

Whole countries in Central and South America and other parts of the world are inhabited by peoples formed by mixing the features of three large races at once - Mongoloid, Caucasian and Negroid. A reliable classification of these groups has not yet been carried out, although such attempts have already been carried out by anthropologists. We can talk about the emergence of several mixed races at once literally over the past few centuries. And several more races can now be observed in the process of their formation!

, Ya.Ya. Roginsky and M.G. Levin and other anthropologists). Modern research has shown that the genetic differences between these two races are higher than between any of them and any other race, and some external similarity (dark skin color, eyes, hair, curly hair, etc.) is explained by adaptation to similar living conditions ...

In foreign literature, the term "Negroid" can be used to refer to the Negro race, which does not include Negrilli (pygmies) and khoisanoids. American anthropologist KS Kuhn used the term "Congoids" in relation to the representatives of the Negroid race.

The Negroid race is distinguished by the following anthropological features:

In different parts of their range, Negroids can differ in body length, skin color, lip thickness, nose width and other characteristics (curly hair remains the same common feature for all), morphologically, negrilli (with very short stature) and khoisanoids (with more fair skin, flattened face and epicanthus).

The main area of \u200b\u200bsettlement of representatives of the Negroid race is Tropical Africa south of the Sahara. Also, Negroids make up a significant part of the population of Latin America, the West Indies and the United States - the Negroid population of these countries and regions form the descendants of slaves brought from Africa. The dominant population is representatives of the Negroid race in the countries of Guiana, Jamaica, the Republic of Haiti and in some other island states of the West Indies.

The Negroid race includes the Negro, Central African and South African minor races. Sometimes the South African race, the main representatives of which are the Bushmen and Hottentots, is considered as one of the great human races. Also in traditional classifications (for example, in the classification of V.V. Bunak), the Melanesian race, which is the eastern equatorial (oceanic) branch of the large negroid race, opposed to the western equatorial (African) branch with the Negro, Central African and South African races, is classified as Negroid.

The Negro race is the main, most common variant of the large Negroid race, both in number and in the area it occupies. Representatives of the negro small race make up the absolute majority in sub-Saharan Africa. The characteristic features of this race are: very dark skin; dark eyes; black curly hair; the nose is very wide, with a flattened nose; lips are very thick; dolichocephaly; the face is low, strongly projected.

As part of the Negro race, several anthropological types are distinguished:

For each of the anthropological types, with the exception of the Sudanese, it is assumed mixing with neighboring Negroid groups of other types or races: for the Central African type - mixing with representatives of the Negrillic (Central African) race, for the South African type - mixing with Khoisanoids, for the Nilotic type - mixing with representatives of the Ethiopian race.

The Central African (Pygmy, Negrillic) small race is widespread in the equatorial rain forests of Central Africa among the Pygmies (Negrilli). The characteristic features of this race include very short stature; slightly lighter skin color; small face size and very prominent eyes; strong growth of beard, mustache and body hair; extremely wide and short nose with flat nose and often convex back; comparatively thin lips.

Within the Central African race, two types are distinguished: Western (the Bakola, Babinga and Baka peoples in the Republic of the Congo, and the Aka people in the Central African Republic) and Eastern (the Mbuti peoples in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and Twa in the DRC, Rwanda, Burundi and Uganda ). Researchers do not have a common opinion about their relationship and the time of formation of a consensus. Some anthropologists believe that the craniological differences between Western and Eastern pygmies are stronger than their differences from neighboring Negro groups. In general, the western pygmy groups have larger faces and taller stature than the eastern pygmies.

In Central Africa, there are many populations with intermediate traits between the Central African and Negro races.

The South African (Capoid, Khoisanoid, Bushman) race is a variant of the large Negroid race, common in the arid regions of South Africa. Characteristic features of this race: short stature; rather flat face; small lower jaw, due to which the face takes on a sub-triangular shape; the nose is rather narrow with a very flat nose; developed epicanthus; relatively light yellowish-brown skin; short spirally curled hair; steatopygia in women; very weak beard and mustache growth. Some of the traits of koisanoids, primarily the presence of epicanthus, resemble Mongoloid traits.

In ancient times, representatives of the South African race occupied more extensive territories, but were pushed south into the listening regions as a result of the migrations of the Bantu peoples belonging to the Negro race. In the course of the settling of the Bantu-speaking groups, the formation of two types of Khoisanoids, the Bushman and Hottentot, probably took place. The latter type is distinguished by its greater massiveness and higher growth. It is assumed that the differences between the characters of the Hottentot type and the Bushman type were formed as a result of mixing the Hottentots with representatives of the Negro race; in addition, the Hottentots probably borrowed cattle breeding from the Bantu peoples, due to which the ancient gatherers changed their lifestyle and type of food, which also affected their appearance.

Reliable finds, revealing a relationship with the South African race, also most likely date from the Holocene. Perhaps the formation of this type was influenced by the isolation conditions during the glacial maximum between 25 and 16 thousand years ago, when most of the territory in southern Africa became arid and uninhabitable and cut off the northern African populations from the southern ones. The significant genetic difference between the Bushmen and Hottentots was a consequence of the more active processes of gene drift that took place in the khoisanoids due to the small size of their populations, in contrast to, for example, the Australian aborigines, who lived in isolation for a much longer time, but had less genetic differences. There is an assumption that the isolation of the Bushmen and Hottentots lasted for a much longer period of time (about 75-60 thousand years).

Several hypotheses have been put forward regarding the origin of the Central African race. According to one of them, the pygmies are of ancient origin (formed more than 40 thousand years ago), also a fairly early division according to this hypothesis occurred among the pygmies into western and eastern groups (about 18 thousand years ago), while the western pygmies were mixed with those who came from the north negroids are denied. According to another hypothesis, which also supports the ancient origin of the pygmies, it is believed that the division into western and eastern groups occurred much later - from 5 to 3 thousand years ago. According to another hypothesis, it is assumed that the pygmies are populations that separated from farmers about 4-5 thousand years ago and switched to gathering a second time, while the western groups arose almost at the same time as a result of the migration of eastern groups to the west and their subsequent crossbreeding. with groups of the Negro race. Some researchers put forward a version of the independent origin of the western and eastern groups of pygmies, which makes it possible, in their opinion, to distinguish not one, but two races of negrilli.

Genetic research provides a special view of the origin of the Negroid races. Thus, it has been established that African populations are opposed to all other human groups combined. At the same time, Negroids do not form a unity, they represent several early isolated human lines. All non-African groups of mankind - Caucasians, Australoids and Mongoloids - became the descendants of one of these lineages. Other African lineages, in particular, khoisanoids and pygmies, oppose not only all other Negroid lineages, but also all other human groups on other continents combined.

There are different groups, each of which has its own morphological characteristics (Sudanese, peoples living in the Nile region; Congolese, Bantu, Bushmen, Hottentots and others). They live in Central and South Africa, in some regions of Asia, Currently, as a result of migration, they live in North, South America and Europe.

The main features of the head:

The skull and head are of the dolichocephalic type, elongated, the occiput protruding,

The supraorbital and orbital arches are not prominent,

The lower jaw is strong

Skin color from brown to dark brown and deep black,

The forehead is high, straight, convex, protruding in the median part, but not in the lateral regions, the frontal tubercles are prominent,

The face is wide, high in the middle part, has features of alveolar prognathia,

Cheekbones stand out

The nose is very wide at the base (platirrino), the bridge of the nose is flat, wide and concave, the tip of the nose is rounded or flat in the transverse direction, the nostrils are dilated (in the transverse direction),

The auricle is small,

The eyes are small, shallow-set, the color is black, the sclera are yellowish,

The lips are fleshy, protruding, pigmented, the mouth gap is wide (on average it is 60 mm), the teeth are of medium size (mesodonti), the upper incisors are inclined forward,

The chin protrudes slightly

The pear-shaped opening is low and very wide in the lower region,

The contour of the eye sockets is almost square or round,

The frontal protrusion of the zygomatic bone is extended and directed backward, as a result, attention is focused on the depth of the canine fossa.

The profile of the face is very peculiar, concave, in the frontal plane - angular (due to the deep transverse depression in the area of \u200b\u200bthe root of the nose).

Representatives of the Mongoloid race

There are different groups, each of which has its own morphological characteristics, live in Central and Southeast Asia, the Philippines and North America (Eskimos in Alaska and Canada). The indigenous population of the American continent only partially has characteristic Mongoloid features (see below).

The main features of the head:

Skull (and head) large, wide and short (brachycephalic type),

The eye sockets are high, shallow, their upper and lower edges are horizontal,

The lower jaw is strong, the intermandibular diameter is large,

Skin color is white-yellowish of varying intensity, from very light to dark,

The face is large, high, and flattened. The nasal fold does not stand out

Hair is smooth, thick, thick with a round section, the color is black, facial hair is negligible,

The forehead is wide, straight and slightly sloping, the brow ridges and the bridge of the nose do not stand out,

The nose is small, the tip of the nose is thin, the back is straight and slightly raised (especially in the root area), the base of the nose is thin (a cross between "leptorrino" and "camerrino"),

The face is cheeky, the cheekbones are large, protruding forward,

The auricle is medium-sized or large, the earlobe is not large,

The eyeball is not convex, the eye section is narrow, slightly oblique, there is a fold in the median (inner) corner of the eye (a Mongoloid fold, expressed in varying degrees, is characteristic of some nationalities), the eye color is brown or black, the distance between the palpebral fissure and the eyebrow is significant,

Lips of medium thickness or narrow, not particularly prominent,

The chin practically does not protrude.

In terms of their characteristic morphological features, the indigenous population of the American continent approaches the Mongoloid race (Eskimos, Indians living in the Andes, Amazon regions, etc.)

Their distinctive features of the head and face:

The skull and head are large, wide, belonging to the dolichocephalic or mesocephalic types,

Skin color varies from light brown to brownish yellowish or brownish reddish,

The face is broad, with slight manifestations of alveolar prognathia,

Straight or wavy hair, black color, little or no facial hair,

The forehead is high, wide, sloping,

The nose is strong, upturned, wide in the area of \u200b\u200bthe nostrils, the bridge of the nose is convex, there are aquiline noses,

The cheekbones stand out in the lateral part - the eyes are deeply set, the eye section is narrow, slightly oblique, the Mongoloid fold is more or less pronounced, the color of the eyes is dark brown, the lips are of medium fullness (sometimes the upper lip protrudes above the lower one), the mouth gap is wide enough, the chin well expressed.

Of great importance in shaping the head and face of a person is its "heavenly part" - the forehead, which since ancient times was considered one of the main adornments of the face. To create the impression of a significant forehead height, in the old days, Japanese women shaved off their eyebrows and painted them at the level of the hair.

It is known that the frontal bone is formed under the pressure of the growing brain and all its convolutions, taking on a particular configuration over time. Therefore, the development of the brain affects the shape of the skull, forehead and face, however, apparently there is some truth in the words of A.S. Pushkin: “I have heard the truth, I was that the forehead is wide, but the brain is not enough! There is a very common misconception that a large forehead always indicates a great mind, although there are numerous examples of this connection (Napoleon - I, Washington, Einstein), but idiots can have a very large forehead. The fact of the connection between the shape of the forehead and the character of a person is considered proven.

Figure: 7 Forehead shapes

Much more important are the proportions and correspondence of the forehead to other parts of the face, including bumpiness or smoothness, symmetry, softness or hardness of the skin, folds, wrinkles.

A bumpy forehead with symmetrical tubercles, square or rectangular on either side, is a sign of natural intelligence.

A wide and high forehead is considered favorable for a man and unfavorable for a woman.

According to physiognomists, the forehead, protruding forward in the upper part and receding backward in the lower part, indicates very limited abilities.

Rough brow ridges give the forehead, and the face as a whole, an unfavorable look, reducing other positive signs.

A rounded forehead often indicates softness and sophistication of nature.

A high, but not very wide forehead is inherent in individuals who are proud and vain, and a wide and low one indicates a sober mind.

A low and narrow forehead against the background of other proportionally developed parts of the face is considered a sign of limitation, and a small straight forehead is considered cunning and insidious.

A slightly protruding and slightly concave forehead, covered with smooth and soft skin, on a beautiful face, testifies to the spirituality of nature.

A straight, without brow ridges, perpendicular and high forehead, in combination with movable eyes located at the same level with it and a firm gaze, belongs to people who are irritable, but with a clear mind. In combination with a short, straight nose, such a forehead often belongs to fanatical people.

Rich information is laid in the process of life in the relief of the forehead skin, in the form of permanent or temporary lines, folds and wrinkles of varying severity, configuration, direction and location. The higher the mobility of the facial skin, which depends on the work of the mimic muscles underlying it, the more emotional the nature, the greater the mark remains on the skin. Tommaseo owns the expression: "Great thoughts smooth the forehead", and it explains the absence of wrinkles in people of the highest intellect, great willpower and composure. To illustrate this fact, they usually cite Napoleon as an example, who did not have a single wrinkle on his forehead. Wrinkles on the forehead of a young man always serve as a sign, if not of an evil disposition, then of physical and intellectual weakness.

Slanting and broken lines on the forehead are evidence of insufficient development, low culture and deceitful nature.

If there are two or three almost straight lines on the forehead that are not interrupted in the middle, this is a sign of a good disposition, high culture and sound mind.

EYES

Human eyes are one of the most beautiful, expressive and informative components of the face. They are rightfully considered the “mirror” of the soul, and the ancient Chinese physiognomists called them “the mirror of the mind”. At the same time, they are the most difficult to study and interpret.

From the point of view of evaluating the eyes as a material structure (shape, cut, color, etc.), the spiritual evaluative component - the look - is also acceptable to them. It is well known how expressive it can be, and how many of its everyday and literary characteristics exist. Definitions are self-explanatory: shrewd, domineering, firm, gentle, cold, haughty or hazy gaze. It is not difficult for us to imagine the face of a person with a thieving gaze or shifting eyes. Sometimes a glance can say more about a person than words.

The manner of looking at the interlocutor over his head speaks of disdain, arrogance and pride. Whoever does not look directly in the face during a conversation, but only casts quick glances, is, as a rule, a person "on his own mind", or who feels guilty for the injustice committed to someone, but hides it. Such people who look away are not trustworthy and are considered people with a bad conscience. A person who looks firmly and directly into the eyes of the interlocutor, who withstands someone else's gaze, is brave, courageous, with high self-esteem and a clear conscience.

An unsure person who does not have clearly defined goals and often does not achieve anything in life, constantly runs his gaze from object to object, or to other people and does not look directly at the interlocutor.

Of interest are the observations and conclusions of ancient Chinese and European physiognomists about the behavior of the eyes during conversation or reflection (Della Porta - 17th century, Lafater - 18th century, Tommaseo - 20th century). Eyes wandering around, and only occasionally looking into the face of the interlocutor, are characteristic of people who are either too immersed in their worries, or think too much. Constantly lowered down and avoiding the oncoming gaze, they belong to either very arrogant or cold, not interested in conversation, indifferent people. The one who lowers his eyes when addressing him is much more interesting than the one who lowers his eyes when addressing you. Those who lower their eyes, listening to praise addressed to themselves, are a modest and honest person. Squinting an eye during a conversation expresses contempt, suspicion and arrogance. A lowered gaze during a conversation indicates hypocrisy, disgust, remorse or carelessness.

Psychologists at Michigan State University say that most people (about 90%) look left or right when answering a question that requires reflection, and they have concluded that this can be used to determine a person's character. "Left-looking", in their opinion, are more sociable, musical, have a more vivid imagination, become alcoholics more easily, are easier to hypnosis and write faster.

"Right-Wing" are more inclined to exact sciences, sleep less, more often specialize in mathematics. Among them, also, people with nervous tics and twitching are more common. Preliminary observations have shown that left-looking people are more likely to suffer from asthma. Headaches, especially migraines, are more common among right-looking people.

During business conversations, a wide range of facial expressions was noted: at one pole, an aggressively tough person, looking at negotiations as a means of achieving a set goal. Such a person usually looks everyone straight in the eyes, his eyes are wide open, his lips are firmly compressed, his eyebrows are furrowed, and he sometimes speaks through his teeth, almost without moving his lips.

On the other end of the spectrum - someone with an infant gaze from under covered eyelids, with a slight veiled smile, peacefully arched eyebrows, without a single crease on his forehead.

Many people believe with confidence that people who do not look you in the eye are hiding something. Psychologists have calculated that people look at each other from 30 to 60% of the time they communicate. The extremes in this spectrum are lovers looking at each other with adoration, passion or tenderness, and two talking people ready to fight.

If two people look at each other more than 60% of the time during a conversation, then they are probably more interested in the other person than in the subject of the conversation. Psychologists have also found that people tend to make eye contact more when they listen than when they speak. A person usually looks away when he asks questions from which he feels uncomfortable, feels guilty. On the other hand, when a person is aggressive, embittered or defensive, eye contacts sharply increase, the gaze becomes tense, forceful.

The inner experiences of people have always been determined by the eyes. According to physiognomists, people with beautiful and attractive eyes have health, will, intelligence, temperament. Big eyes, in their opinion, indicate the sensitivity of the soul, courage.

The ancient Chinese physiognomists, like the Japanese, consider the eyes the most important part of the face, and if they are "favorable", then this circumstance outweighs the negative properties of all other details of the face.

Through the eyes, visual perception of the surrounding world is carried out and is transmitted to the central nervous system for fixing and analyzing the shape, color and relative position of objects in space. Only visual analyzers are able to convey to our brain and consciousness the expression of horror in the eyes of Ivan the Terrible, killing his son, the mysterious smile of the Mona Lisa or convey the reflection of suffering on his face (Laocoon).

A number of features are used to assess the eyes. This is their size, fit, profiling and length of the eye slits, sight, focus, color, the nature of the structure of the eye sockets, eyelids, their folds and eyelashes. Eyebrows are an essential addition to the characteristics of the eyes.

Eyes are the eyeballs with the surrounding soft tissues in the orbit, eyelids and eyelashes.

The location of the orbits and their size are extremely important indicators in the characteristics of not only the eyes, but also the face. Distinguish between low and high, deep and shallow, large and small eye sockets (orbits). As a rule, women have larger orbits. The shape of the eye sockets is individually variable, but there are racial, sex, and other signs of difference. The Mongoloid race is characterized by oblique orbits.

The vertical profiling of the orbits is the inclination of their vertical plane relative to the Frankfurt horizontal (Fig. 8).

The pronounced profiling of the orbits is considered if the angle is less than 80 degrees. No profiling at an angle of more than 90 degrees. The more pronounced the profiling of the orbits, the deeper the landing of the eyeball.

The length of the palpebral fissure is commensurate with the distance between the tubercle of the outer edge of the orbit and the platform on the anterior crest of the fossa of the lacrimal sac, and is 65-70% of this length. The width of the palpebral fissure (in height) normally varies from 8.8 mm. (small) up to 9.8 mm. (large).

The fold of the fixed part of the upper eyelid as a whole follows the direction of the upper edge of the orbit of the skull (Fig. 9).

The overhanging fold of the upper eyelid depends on the degree of sharpening and "wrapping" inward of the upper edge of the orbit. There are three degrees of rounding of the upper edge of the orbit and the corresponding three degrees of overhang of the fixed part of the upper eyelid: strong, moderate and no overhang (Fig. 10).

"Landing" of the eyes is their location in relation to the bridge of the nose, brow ridges and the distance between the pupils. On this basis, close-set, wide-set and deep-set eyes are distinguished. Variants of the norm of the interpupillary distance range from 56 to 64 mm, depending on the type of face.

Figure: 10 Degree of overhang

the fixed part of the upper eyelid: a - strong,

b- moderate, c- no overhang.

The next important sign is the cut of the eyes. Distinguish between almond-shaped, oriental, slanting and lobed eyes (Fig. 11).

The most common eye shape is almond-shaped,

shaped like an almond nut. Such eyes are wide open, do not taper towards the corners, and their corners are on the same horizontal line. The upper eyelid covers the eyeball to the level of the iris.

Figure: 11 Position of the fold of the upper eyelid.

a - for representatives of the Caucasian race;

b - for representatives of the Mongoloid race.

Eastern type - differs in narrowing of the eye slits to the corners and a weak expression of the eyelids. The inner and outer corners of the eyes, such as those of the almond-shaped, are located at the same level.

Slanting eyes widen to the inner corner, and narrow to the outer, and their corners are not at the same level. The outer corner of the eye is located above the inner one, and the lines of connection of the corners of the eyes form an angle of up to 10 -12 degrees with the horizontal, which gives the eyes a "braid".

The opposite of this type are lobed eyes, which differ in the lines of the cut of the eyes facing outward - the outer corners of the eyes are located below the inner ones.

Using the described typology of eyes, psychologists identified the following characteristic psychological types with their inherent features: “expansive”, “cold”, “heroic”, “sensual” and the type of “distrustful people”.

In people of the "expansive" type, the eyes are wide open, with massive eyelids and a clear, light white. They have a direct look, they are shy, but polite and courteous. By their nature, "expansive" people are optimists, peaceful, not stingy and not ambitious. They are careful in actions, judgments, views on life and events, they are not inclined to change the foundations of life. Their ideal in life is stability.

People of the "cold" type have large, protruding eyes with an oriental slit, close or normally set, and tend to water. The color of the eyes is often blue or gray, the upper eyelid is thick, the lower one is thin. A wandering look, without firmness and interest. The main trait of their character is coldness, indifference, lazy lethargy. To those around them, they seem timid and indecisive, but behind this lies a natural laziness and weakness. They do not possess such qualities as envy, ambition, jealousy. "Ice floes" succumb to difficulties, resign themselves to any of their situations, prefer to postpone the decision of today's affairs until "tomorrow". It is difficult to see them angry, angry. Such people are not distinguished by activity and zeal at work and at home. A husband and wife of this type in family life is the standard of gray coexistence.

People of the "heroic" type are characterized by deep-set eyes, with a sharp, penetrating gaze. Their eyes are gray, brown, dark. These people are daredevils and dreamers, they are energetic, solid, reliable, capable of the most unexpected actions. They will be the first to rush into fire and water, the first to come to the rescue in an emergency. People of this type are not afraid of dangers, strive to be leaders, they are attracted by thrills, adventure, travel. They have a strong and proud character. At the same time, they are distinguished by unpredictability, quarrelsomeness, and in a quarrel, they are furious.

The eyes of persons of the "sensory" type are located close or within the normal range, somewhat "bulging", due to the massive upper eyelid and the average size of the lower one. The color of the eyes ranges from blue to gray, but there are also brown ones.

People of this type are characterized by a developed system of moral values, delicacy, nobility, empathy, increased "sensitivity" to many realities of life. In their actions, such people are more often guided by emotions, feelings, and not by reason. Therefore, they are swift in their judgments and actions, are dependent on mood and, at times, inconsistent, quickly flare up and also quickly fade away.

The "nervous" type of people is close to this type. They are characterized by shiny, wide-open blue, green, rarely brown eyes. Their character contains energy with plus and minus signs. They are overly straightforward, truth-loving, passionate, which often leads them to unreasonable actions.

Representatives of the "distrustful" type have deep-set, slanting or almond-shaped eyes with slightly yellowish whites and noticeable red streaks. The lower eyelid is more massive than the upper, the color of the eyes is light gray or gray-green. They are silent, distrustful, gloomy, cautious, preoccupied, and ambitious. The owners of such eyes do not forgive insults, they are characterized by hatred, quick temper, and a tendency to loneliness. As a rule, these are strong personalities with a strong will and a persistent life position.

Eye color by perception is determined by the color of the iris against the background of the albuminous membrane. The color of the iris depends on the amount of pigment and is an inherited trait not related to visual acuity. With a small amount of pigment, the color of the eyes is closer to blue, and with a large amount - black, brown, gray or multicolored. Blue eye color is more common among residents of northern countries, brown - in temperate climates, and dark (black) - in residents of territories closer to the equator. As a rule, color is a universal indicator for all ethnic groups.

Ancient oriental physiognomists believe that eye color is one of the determining factors in a person's fate and reflect his character. So, blue eyes, closer to blue, are characteristic of sanguine people, and blue, transparent eyes, with a sedentary gaze, are more often found in phlegmatic people. Melancholic and choleric people do not have blue eyes. Prominent intellectuals, especially the 16th century, have brown eyes. Moistened, reddish eyes betray suffering, shock, or mental pain. Reddish and dry eyes of any color are inherent in owners of an irritable and quick-tempered nature. Black eyes, being an attribute of courageous, physical beauty, are more often inherent in masculine facial features. Gray eyes are not beautiful if this color is not compensated for by other positive facial qualities. A yellowish tinge of the white of the eyes indicates liver disease or belonging to some Asian peoples.

The reaction, lifestyle and energy in brown-eyed and gray-eyed are diametrically opposite, but despite this, such people perfectly complement each other. It has long been noticed that brown-eyed brunettes often like blue or gray-eyed blondes and vice versa. This is due to the fact that light-eyed and fair-haired people are excellent energy donors of passion, warmth, and dark-eyed and dark-haired people absorb this energy.

The "vampiric" properties of black eyes have been known among people since time immemorial, but in harmonious union with gray-eyed people, dark-eyed people absorb only excess energy without causing any harm. On the contrary, fair-haired people themselves need to be "dumped", since excess energy also brings a lot of problems, creating irritation and discontent.

It has been established by numerous facts and observations that if your eyes are gray (blue), then a brown-eyed person will be the best partner for you. Marriages between light-eyed people break up, and in the relationship of such people, the struggle for leadership or independence prevails. You should not count on a calm, stable marriage if the partners have the same eye color! Only a rigid framework of moral principles, laws, or your talent can keep such a marriage. The union of a brown-eyed man with a gray-green-brown-eyed person is difficult. The best partner for him will be a man with gray-green eyes. For a person with green eyes, an ally with the same eyes as yours is considered ideal, or a brown-eyed life partner is relatively favorable. The antipode for the green-eyed is a man with gray-brown eyes, and green-brown for them are reliable allies and bodyguards.

The color of the pupil (hole in the iris) is also of interest. In young, healthy people, they are black. If it becomes greenish, a person may have a severe degree of glaucoma, the color has changed to bluish - spasmophilia, to whitish - senile cataract. If the pupil shines ("the eye of a blind cat"), an intraocular tumor can be suspected.

The tunica albuginea (sclera) usually looks dull white. In old age, it becomes yellowish. If in front of you a person is not of Asian appearance (for whom yellowish sclera is the norm), then it follows about possible liver disorders. Porcelain blue sclera occurs with Lobstein's disease (congenital fragility of bones), red - with heart disease, white as chalk - with lung disease.

Specialists, without additional examination techniques, simply by looking into the eyes, can identify such serious diseases as tabes of the spinal cord, cerebral meningitis and encephalitis (by immobility of the pupil), congenital toxoplasmosis (by overgrowth of the pupil). By protruding, shiny eyes (Graefe's symptom), thyroid disease is easily suspected.

Such "responsiveness" of the eyes to the health of the whole organism is explained by the fact that the organs of vision consist of a wide variety of tissues, therefore, most of the systemic or organ pathologies at least indirectly concern the eyes. The mucous membrane of the eyes, through neuro - humoral, biochemical and other mechanisms, is closely connected with the mucous membrane of other organs and involuntarily reacts to the changes occurring in them, transmitting this "information" visually. So, with gastritis or inflammation of the mucous membrane of other organs, the mucous membrane of the eye - the conjunctiva - will necessarily react.

Modern knowledge and publications about the information conveyed by the eyes by their shape, look and color are convincingly complemented in an aesthetic and cognitive sense by the iris. If it looks very dense, this is a sign of excellent heredity, good endurance and immunity. If it looks loose (not very dense), immunity and endurance are not very stable. With great mental and physical stress, the owners of such an iris may have nervous breakdowns, headaches, pain in the heart, irritability, depression. In these cases, the body needs help and cannot rely on self-regulation and self-healing alone.

In cases where the iris looks clearly "loose", with splits and there are many "holes" in it, this is a sign of weak immunity and endurance. Even with minor loads or stress, such people may have nervous breakdowns and psychosomatic disorders.

If half rings or rings are visible in the iris, passing through the entire surface, this may be a manifestation of negative emotions, resentment and tension that are not reflected. A white arc along the edge of the iris, most often in the upper part, indicates atherosclerotic changes in the vessels of the body. The presence of spots, blotches, gaps or something else that differs from the rest of the iris pattern indicates the presence of certain deviations of organs and systems corresponding to the projection scheme of these organs on the iris (see diagram).

Figure: 12 Projection diagram of organs on the iris

A whole area of \u200b\u200bdiagnostics is engaged in the analysis of this information, which put the state of the iris as its basis, this iridology(from the Greek. "iris" - iris). The diagnostic informativeness of this method is explained by the fact that the iris is a highly sensitive part of the body, therefore, hereditary factors, diseases of internal organs, poisoning, stresses are reflected in it and become the object of research of specialists.

Five thousand years ago, the first iridologists worked in Asia Minor, who left the fruits of their labors to their contemporaries: stone slabs with images of the iris engraved on them and pointers to its connections with various organs human body... The ancient Egyptians described this method on two papyri more than 50 meters long and 1.5 meters wide (stored in the Vatican library). In addition, the priests - iridologists already at that time contrived to "photograph" the iris using special metal plates covered with a special silvery liquid. In the tombs of such priests, such plates were found with bright colorful images of the eyes of Pharaoh Tutankhamun. They testify that the ruler of Egypt was a very sick person. Modern experts, based on the emerald green eyes of Queen Cleopatra, suggest that the legendary beauty had chronic syphilitic iritis - inflammation of the iris.

More than three thousand years ago, iridology was widely used in India, China, Japan, Tibet, Babylon. Then this method was lost for a long time and only in the 50s of the nineteenth century returned, thanks to I. Pekulei. His name is associated with the systematization of iridological tests and the first substantiation of this diagnostic method. As a surgeon, he observed changes in the iris in people with various diseases, and found that each part of the body or organ corresponds to a certain segment in the iris. In 1870 he published "A Guide to the Study of Eye Diagnostics", and the epigraph to this work was the words: "The eye is not only the mirror of the soul, but also the mirror of the body." Now iridology has spread all over the world. The largest specialized centers were created in the USA and the Federal Republic of Germany, and in 1967 they appeared in our country.

Currently, more than thirty projection zones of the human body on the iris are known. Having studied all the changes in different zones of the iris, the specialist can tell the patient not only about his diseases, but also about the hereditary predisposition to diseases of each organ and the body as a whole.

With the help of iridology, it is impossible to make an accurate diagnosis, but it is possible to determine exactly which organs have lesions. This diagnostic method makes it easy to establish lesions of the spine, stomach, heart, ovaries, prostate, liver, kidneys and other organs, but it is impossible to determine the presence of systemic diseases - rheumatism, diabetes, asthma, acute infectious diseases. The frequency of coincidences of an iridological diagnosis with a clinical one is 80%, and modern computerized iridology makes it possible to increase the accuracy of the diagnosis or determine the affected area up to 90%.

World famous Japanese physician and researcher Michio Kushi, the father of modern macrobiotics - diagnostics of face, voice, hair, hands and skin, attaches great importance to information transmitted by the eyes. In his opinion, in each area of \u200b\u200bthe eye, all organs are represented in accordance with the principles of yin and yang. For example, the cerebellum is on the inside of the eye, and the cortex is closer to the outside. The small intestine is closer to the center, and the large intestine is to the periphery.

If twelve bloodshot lines are visible on the white of the eye, this is a sign of poor functioning of all organs. If there are more than six lines, then there is a serious illness. Any lines on a protein at all indicate an imbalance in the health of the body. These lines change daily and respond not only to illness, but also to food. Animal products eaten at night will leave a capillary trail in the stomach and intestines in the morning. If the lines end in small specks, then this is a sign of stagnation of blood and lymph. Spots in the sector of the protein corresponding to the genitals - an indication of the presence of kidney stones, problems in the lower spine, prostate or ovarian disease. The color of these spots is brownish, dark, red or yellow. A darker color of the spots means more serious changes, and indicates the presence of cysts, stones, and red and yellow color - stagnant, less serious phenomena. A purple or green tint anywhere in the eye is very dangerous. A dark brown color indicates that the organs are becoming hardened.

The eyes should be soft and clear. The hardening of the eyeball causes blurred vision and leads to blindness. The whites of a blind person's eyes are often dark blue or gray in color.

The border between the iris, protein and pupil carries information about the state of the nervous system. If the autonomic nervous system works poorly, then the reaction of the pupil to light is slow and not pronounced. The pupil should be small and responsive to changes in lighting. When the sensitivity of the sympathetic nervous system is weakened and vision is reduced, the border between the iris and the protein becomes dull and indistinct. When taking certain medications, and especially drugs, the pupils are constantly dilated.

The attractiveness of the eyes largely depends on the size and shape of the palpebral fissure, which in turn is determined by the position and shape of the eyeball, and especially the size of the eyelids.

AGE

The configuration of the eyelids and the shape of the palpebral fissure, together with the iris, are individually variable, which determines the endless variety of human eyes. As the pearl is protected by the shell valves, so the eyelids protect the eyeball from external influencesconstantly moisturizing the corneal mucosa. Usually, a person blinks every fifteen seconds, that is, four times a minute. The infant does not blink until a certain age at all. If a person is healthy, then he may not blink for several minutes. Animals blink more often than people and do not withstand a gaze - they turn away. From this, a practical conclusion and advice was drawn: if your interlocutor blinks less often than you do in a conversation or quarrel, then you need to give in or retreat.

Since the lower eyelid varies slightly, the upper is studied in more detail. The eyelids can be double or single pair.

Representatives of the Caucasian race have a double upper eyelid, formed due to its fold. Single eyelids are characteristic of the Mongoloid and some ethnic groups of the Negroid race.

To obtain diagnostic information from the eyelids, the area of \u200b\u200bthe eyes under the eyelashes is examined. It is considered an area of \u200b\u200bunloading of the nervous system, and indicates its condition. The lower eyelid and eyelashes carry information about the condition of the genitals. The upper eyelashes and eyelids indicate the state of the brain. Usually the eyelashes curl inward (towards the face). Any outward curl of the eyelashes indicates problems with sexual function. In men, the eyelashes curved outward may indicate impotence, and in women - frigidity (M. Kushi, 2003). The inner surface of the lower eyelid carries information about the circulatory system. Normally, the mucous membrane of the lower eyelid should be pink. White color may be due to anemia, red color - inflammation, and the presence of dots or spots may indicate the presence of trachoma. However, the bright red color of this zone can appear with prolonged undivided nutrition, with a predominance of fatty meat, fruits and sugar. Sometimes white or yellowish discharge accumulating in the outer or inner corners of the eyes indicates the presence of an excess amount of mucus and secretions in the organs projected in certain parts of the eye. So, discharge under the lower eyelids indicates excessive secretion in the organs of the lower body (in the pelvic organs), and under the upper eyelids - in the upper part (head, esophagus, lungs, stomach.

The area around the eye, especially in its lower part, corresponding to the kidneys, carries quite definite information. The so-called "bags" under the eyes are of two types: soft and hard (dense). They arise from two reasons: from excess water, when the kidneys cannot cope, and from excess fat, as a result of consuming it in large quantities. This excess builds up in the kidneys, causing them to malfunction.

Purple or red color under the eyes indicates stagnation of blood in the kidney area, and the intensity of this color reflects the degree of stagnation, and the appearance of visible blood vessels indicates neglect of the disease. In the presence of kidney stones, pale areas appear under the eyes, in certain places corresponding to the side of the body: on the right - for the right kidney, on the left - for the left.

Eyebrows

Nature has provided the eye, as a delicate, important and informative organ, with reliable protectors - devices in the form of a fat layer, eyelashes, eyelids and eyebrows. Eyebrows are wide and narrow, short and long, straight and oblique, with breaks and arched, thick, sparse and fused, oriented horizontally, up or down. Each of these signs gives the face certain expressions: femininity or masculinity, gaiety or sadness (Fig. 13).

Figure: 13 Varieties of eyebrows

Due to considerable mobility, eyebrows change their shape in various mimic conditions and play an important role in facial plasticity and its expressiveness. In the words of Michelangio: "Eyebrows are the gates of paradise", however, Leonardo da Vinci portrayed the Mona Lisa in his great work virtually without eyebrows, which is why she did not become less attractive. In the old days, Japanese women, and nowadays, modern women of fashion shaved off and drew new eyebrows as a tribute to fashion or as a ritual "sacrifice".

An essential feature that determines the characteristic personality is the quality of the hairs of the eyelashes and eyebrows, their hardness or softness, thickness or thinness.

Hard eyebrows are always combined with a steadfast, hard gaze, and indicate an unyielding character. Their owners are often characterized by incoherence, absent-mindedness, naivety and gullibility. Thick, bristly eyebrows are a sign of a "devilish nature" with irrepressible energy, throwing their owner from one extreme to another. Such people can be cruel and gentle, loving and hating at the same time, but they are courageous and generous.

Chinese physiognomists attach great importance to the shape, width, length and position of the eyebrows. A person who is friendly by nature is often characterized by beautiful, neat and slightly curved eyebrows upward, giving good nature to the look, and a sweet expression on the face. Arched eyebrows can be a sign of intelligence, artistry, sensuality and gentleness of character. Thin, crescent-shaped eyebrows in women symbolize tenderness (the moon is a female sign.), Sentimentality, but, at the same time, a tendency to depression.

Horizontal, straight eyebrows lend masculinity to the face and confidence to the look. Their owners are often very active and energetic people.

The length and thickness of the eyebrows are determined after birth. Long eyebrows are a sign of happiness and longevity; thick and thick indicate great vitality, and thin - a sign of insufficient vitality.

The closer the eyebrows are to the eyes, the more impatient and intolerant their owner is. If they are thick and fused on the bridge of the nose, then for men this is a sign of the desire to dominate in everything. They are straightforward, with a strong character, temperamental. Girls in the East with such eyebrows, in the old days, were unclaimed as brides for a long time, and had to pluck them or shave them off on the nose.

Raised eyebrows are a sign of passion and excessive emotionality. The drooping ends of the eyebrows hide people who are shy, but with a rich inner world. Persons with thin and short eyebrows are often serious and reasonable people, attentive and grateful listeners; with short but bushy eyebrows - decisive, explosive and unpredictable.

For unbalanced people who are prone to frequent changes in their addictions and familiar, careless and not very reliable, small shapeless eyebrows are characteristic.

The famous painter C. Lebrun called wide, proportionally long and rather thick eyebrows ideal. With such eyebrows, a person is balanced and balanced in emotions, mind, will. People with high eyebrows are usually purposeful, patient and sociable. The owners of low-set eyebrows ("on the eyelids") perceive this as a disadvantage: they are sullen, touchy, vindictive and impatient.

According to physiognomists, eyebrows reflect the relationship with the immediate environment. For example, the proportionality of the development of the eyebrows (shape, color, density) indicates a balance of emotions, mind and character.

Eyebrow movements provide a wealth of information. In the direction they are of two types: up - the expression of pleasant feelings (joy, admiration, love, greeting), surprise; and down - not very pleasant: anger, hatred, anger, threat, suspicion, tendency to negative emotions. It is still necessary to rely on the information obtained from the movement of the eyebrows, since cunning, deceit or slyness may be hidden behind this, it is enough to imagine the face of an arrogant, self-confident person, with squinting eyes and one eyebrow raised high up, condescendingly listening to your arguments in conversation.

Generalizing the characteristics of the features, you can conditionally create a collective image of "favorable" and "unfavorable" eyebrows. "Favorable" - high-set, even, shiny, regular in shape, smooth, long (longer than the eyes) eyebrows. "Unfavorable" - short, thin, shapeless eyebrows, close to the eyes.

To determine the type of personality in general, physiognomists (A. Morok, K. Razumovskaya 2000) offered a good "indicator" - the degree of density and intensity of eyebrow growth.

So, in people of the "conscientious" type, eyebrows are very thick and bushy at the bridge of the nose, and then, above the eyes, they grow evenly.

It is believed that their owners live by high moral principles, obligatory, executive, constantly engaged in self-control and introspection, but they are very vulnerable to stress.

The "self-confident" type of people is noted for the "bush in the middle" of the eyebrows. These are, as a rule, people with high ambitions, purposeful natures, leaders and bright individualists.

In people belonging to the category of "devotee" type, eyebrows grow tufts and low over the eyelids. In the language of aviators, they refer to the concept of "followers", and they certainly need a leader. They are outgoing, executive, loyal, tactful, polite and obsequious ..

The eyebrows of the "dramatic" type of people grow "like a house" and at the ends, at the temples, thickly bush. This type is very emotional, their mood often changes, they are temperamental and sexy.

Thick eyebrows growing at the bridge of the nose and close to the inner corner of the eye are characteristic of the “alert” type of people. They are independent, distrustful, cunning, critical, and exploratory.

The "sensitive" personality type is people of habit, conservative views, cautious in relationships, painfully suspicious. They are characterized by a dense growth of eyebrows on the inside, an arched shape and upward direction of the hair.

And, finally, the "adventurous" type - these are bright individualists with unevenly growing eyebrows. They are characterized by fearlessness, healthy adventurism and a thirst for adventure. They are physically strong, courageous, uncomplaining, risky.

Thus, not only the eyes, but the entire area around the eye can serve as a source of information about the individual and be a means of social interpersonal communication.

The ear, in the anatomical sense, is represented by the auricle in the form of a cutaneous duplication covering the elastic cartilage. Like the skin pattern of the fingers, the shape of the ear is strictly individual. In front of the external auditory canal there is a protrusion - a tragus, and behind it another - an antigus. At the top of the auricle there is a bend, wrapped anteriorly - a curl, and downward from it there is a bifurcating roller - an antihelix. The lower edge of the ear has no cartilage and is called the lobe. Like the iris of the eye, the auricle has a neuro - humoral and energetic connection with all organs and systems, and is widely used in reflexology to indirectly influence them through acupuncture. The circulatory system is represented on the outer area of \u200b\u200bthe ear, nervous system in the middle, and digestive - in the inner part of the auricle (Fig. 14).

An American dentist from Las Vegas, Norman Noorda, once noticed that one of his patients did not experience pain on the side of his face where his earlobe was amputated. The search for the cause of this phenomenon led the doctor to a lecture by an acupuncture specialist, where he learned that along with the knee and heel, the earlobe is one of the three main places where acupuncture is performed to relieve severe pain. This is how the "Nurda method of pain relief" was born. Before starting to fill the tooth, the doctor clamped the patient's earlobe with an ordinary clothespin on the side where the treatment was supposed to be. The patient usually behaves as calmly as if he had been given an anesthetic injection. Subsequently, they began to produce special clips for these purposes, and in our country an electric anesthetic device "Inaan-3" was developed, which is connected to the earlobe before painful dental procedures.

The auricle has long been the object of close attention and decoration. It was decorated not only with crafts and jewelry, but under the influence of local mores and customs, changed its natural forms beyond recognition: they stretched the earlobe to the shoulders, made holes throughout the auricle, hung jewelry in the upper or lower part of the ear, or simultaneously in different parts. Under the influence of the weight of the jewelry, the elastic cartilage of the auricle was deformed and acquired the most unexpected forms. Ear decoration was considered a sign of good taste.

The oldest and most popular type of piercing is earlobe piercing. He came to us from ancient pirates, who in this way celebrated their ranks and merits. Judged by how the hole was punctured in the ear, its location, what was pinned to it and the number of punctures.

Figure: 14 Areas of the auricle and their correspondence to body systems.

Long lobes are more often found in people who are cheerful, careless and vulnerable. Less pronounced lobes speak of commercialism, stinginess, thrift. Thick, large lobes are more common in smart, but phlegmatic people. In the East, people with such lobes were considered sages.

In terms of shape, the auricles are divided (Binder) into four types: elongated - oval, long, wide and triangular. In size: long - more than 7.5 cm, medium - 6.5 - 7.5 cm and small - less than 6.5 cm (Fig. 15).

However, there are racial and individual differences in the structure, size, shape and position of the auricles. It has been statistically proven that the length of the auricle and nose is equal, but in mountain Tajiks and Buryats, the length of the auricle is approximately 2 cm longer than the length of the nose. In terms of age, ear growth occurs up to 15 years, then it is delayed and accelerated after 30 years. The beauty of the face and its harmony, in addition to size, is influenced by the ear-head angle and the angle of the lobe (Fig. 16).

Figure: 16 The angles of the auricles.

According to physiognomists, the shape, size and location of the ears carry a wealth of information about a person. Analyzing the appearance of representatives of various nationalities, historical figures and comparing the structure of the auricles with other parts of the face, with the character of a person and his behavior, physiognomists, ancient and modern, made amazing and reliable conclusions. Thus, Buffon considered small ears to be beautiful. They are characteristic of stubborn and persistent people who achieve the triumph of their views and beliefs. The owners of these ears are musical, sensual, frank and emotional.

Massive ears with rounded and clear outlines are often inherent in phlegmatic people, obese and large people, and fleshy ears are more common in rough faces. Too fleshy, thick ears are most often found in people who are gloomy, tough, with a heavy character, a stern disposition. Narrow, oblong, long ears betray an envious and stingy person, but in combination with a complex and delicate pattern of the inner part of the shell, they are observed in people endowed with great abilities.

Ears pointed at the top are a sign of moderation and restraint, and pronounced convolutions in the ears are an indicator of musical ability. Artistic, talented and gifted people tend to have deep and expressive ears.

Ears, pressed to the head, about stubbornness, caution, endurance, cunning, composure and hypocrisy. Large, protruding ears give out mercantile and cunning people.

Even the color of the skin of the auricles carries certain information. The ancients believed that people with large and brightly colored ears have a coarse mind and live long. But brightly colored ears on a paler face are a sign of aristocracy, good health and prosperity.

Beautiful ears are inherent in people who are irritable, quick-tempered and bashful. Dark purple, yellowish or bluish skin color of the auricle occurs in people with poor health, prone to depression and laziness. For indifferent, uncommunicative people, a lighter color of ears is characteristic than skin color. Ears of a healthy, pink color give out a kind, sincere and sympathetic person with good health.

The outer rim of the ear carries rich information about a person and individual traits of his character. If it is round in shape, without protrusions and depressions, then it belongs to an intelligent, energetic person with a strong character (Fig.17a). If the outer rim has one or several protrusions, then, most likely, the owner of such an ear is a very stubborn, uncompromising, neat and diligent person (Fig. 17b).

A person who has a depression on the outer rim of the ear (Fig.17c) is distinguished by benevolence, Patience, but, often, is subject to increased attention of others and the environment. The rectangular shape of the rim (Fig. 17d) is typical for intelligent, analytically thinking and responsible people with a pronounced love of life. The triangular shape of the rim is inherent in people of a harmonious, peaceful nature, easily converging with people (Fig. 17e).

Figure: 17 Shapes of auricles.

By the location of the upper edge of the earlobe in relation to the eyebrows, physiognomists receive information about the level of human intelligence.

If the "landing" of the ear above the eyebrows is a sign of high intelligence, great potential of the mind; below the level of the eyes - the intellect may not be too high, but if at the level of the eyes there is a harmonious personality, with a developed intellect and self-confidence.

The architectural center of the face is the nose, which consists of the bone base and cartilaginous tissues that form the nasal cavity. In all newborns, regardless of hereditary characteristics, noses are small and snub-nosed, but later they acquire dominant characteristics: hump, flattening, shape, length, and others. It is difficult to imagine Cyrano de Bergerac in infancy with an atypical, absurdly long nose.

Noses are characterized by shape, width, length, by its tip, bridge of the nose, wings of the nose, at the base and back. A variety of all kinds of combinations of these features can be easily traced in everyday life and has ethnic and geographical features of the structure and configuration.

Figure: 18 Base of the nose

The bridge of the nose starts from the deepest point of the bridge, that is, the root of the nose. The width of the nasal dorsum in the upper third corresponds in shape to the seams of the nasal bones, and the width of the nose in the upper and middle thirds depends on the width of the pear-shaped opening (Fig. 18). The wings of the nose in width touch by their most protruding edges of the conditional lines, which are a continuation of the canines of the upper jaw; in shape, they repeat the lateral sections of the pear-shaped foramen in its lower third.

Figure: 19 Base nose options

The base of the nose corresponds to the direction of the nasal spine. In this regard, there are three options for the base of the nose: horizontal (a), raised (b) and lowered (c) (Fig. 19).

Anthropologists and forensic scientists distinguish three main forms of the tip of the nose: wide (rounded - a), thin (pointed - c) and middle between them (b). At the same time, a wide, "fleshy" tip of the nose corresponds to a short nasal spine and a wide pear-shaped opening, and a pointed tip is observed with an elongated, narrow and pointed nasal spine (Fig. 20).

Figure: 20 Nose shape and angle:

a- horizontal, b- raised, c- lowered

Physiognomists consider the angle formed by the nose and upper lip to be an important indicator of the level of intelligence. The right angle, with the horizontal line of the nostrils, gives the profile an expression of determination, and indicates an energetic mind. The nose, located at an obtuse angle in relation to the upper lip, raised slightly upward, is not uncommon, and may belong to a subject with an extraordinary mind.

The search for a description of the "ideal" nose in the literature led to the following characteristic. A beautiful nose with finely defined nostrils, the tip of which is not too sharp, not too rounded and forms a right angle with the upper lip. Such a nose is a sign of not only physical but also spiritual beauty. Without relying on tastes and individual perceptions, a beautiful nose must meet the following characteristics:

equal in length to the forehead;

the tip of the nose is not "fleshy", but not hard either;

the wings of the nose are clearly defined;

nostrils are rounded at the base of the wings, and taper towards the tip of the nose;

the lower third of the nose in profile does not exceed one third of its length;

at the base of the "ideal" nose should have a small hollow - a depression.

People with such a nose, as a rule, are distinguished by courage, passion, assertiveness and wonderful character.

In view of the special importance of the nose for characterizing the face and the essence of its owner, I consider it necessary to dwell on the description of some of its “specimens”.

A flattened, wide and rounded nose of the correct shape often belongs to smart, kind, noble and reliable people.

A nose with graceful nostrils and wings that move when breathing can be evidence of lung disease.

A sign of pronounced personality is the long nose with beautifully contoured wings. A long, straight nose with implicit nostrils belongs to a patient, uncomplaining, calm person. A long, curved nose speaks of the nobility, hard work, perseverance, patience and seriousness of its owner. A long nose, thinning in the middle, testifies to a vivid imagination of a person and his penchant for fantasy. A long nose, with a thickening in the middle, on the contrary, indicates the owner's idle talk and his tendency to chatter.

A large, strongly protruding nose indicates that a person has some strangeness and eccentricity in thoughts and actions.

A long, bony nose is a sign of pride, arrogance and quarrelsomeness, and he with a hump is an attribute of a person of a heavy character and sullen disposition.

A nose with a hump at the very base, with a firm tip, dilated nostrils is a sign of energy, courage and courage.

A hooked large, "fleshy" nose most often belongs to a person - a slow-witted, rude, persistent, tough, prone to the use of threats and force.

A thin, graceful, long nose expresses the high sensitivity and giftedness of a person.

A small, puffy nose speaks of the good nature, peacefulness and gentle character of a person with whom it is always comfortable and cozy. An upturned little nose indicates the stubbornness and independent character of its owner, but such a nose under a high forehead is evidence of a tendency to anger, rudeness and adventures.

Figure: 21 Nose shapes

Neat, proportional and small noses, as a rule, belong to people who are intelligent, sensual and artistic. A very small nose, with a sharp back and an angular tip, suggests that its owner is an ambitious, daring and perky person.

A gracefully contoured nose with a rounded tip and round nostrils is an indicator of sociability, friendliness and gentleness of character.

A short nose with a concavity in the middle, with a rounded and slightly upturned tip, betrays an impressionable, agile, but timid person.

A small "fleshy" and straight nose with small nostrils, most often belongs to calm and dignified individuals.

The tip of the nose carries special information and expressiveness of some character traits.

An ominous expression to the profile of the face gives the tip of the hooked nose, almost touching the upper lip. Such faces, not at all expressive, belong to people who are restrained, vicious and lustful.

The pointed tip of the nose and narrow nostrils are inherent in a hot-tempered, mocking person with an iron character, strong-willed and purposeful.

An upturned nose with protruding nostrils speaks of the incontinence, impulsiveness and willfulness of its owner, often licentious and undisciplined.

A split nose tip is a sign of shyness, vulnerability, shyness and suspiciousness of a person, but often not devoid of charm, sound mind and originality.

A large, full tip of the nose is evidence of cordiality and warmth, and a wide, rectangular tip is a sign of harsh manners, rudeness and a tendency to be in a bad mood. However, the nature of such people is characteristic: patience and perseverance in achieving the goal.

Among other signs, the nostrils are essential. So, there are small nostrils, usually in people who are weak, timid, compliant and weak-willed; long nostrils - in caring and easily irritated, and large and expressive - in extraordinary personalities.

Wide and, especially, wide open nostrils are a sign of high conceit, heavy character and disposition. It has been noted that if a person's nostrils flutter and flare during a conversation, then he is very stubborn and aggressive.

The proportionality, shape and color of the nose are signs that all physiognomists pay attention to. The most favorable is considered to be a gently pink color of the skin of the nose, as an indicator of a person's well-being, and a dark shade speaks of numerous troubles accompanying a person. A red, porous nose is a sign of promiscuity, eating disorders and alcohol abuse; a constantly red nose is a sign of treachery in combination with other unfavorable signs.

By analyzing the nose like important detail face, you should compare its size, shape and other features with the whole face, and only in comparison to talk about harmony, proportionality and proportionality. So, a straight nasal bridge, directly ending in an ideal shape with a tip, decorates the face, depriving it of individuality. For women, a slightly upturned tip of the nose is more suitable, that is, it rises slightly above the back. Such a nose rejuvenates the face. Of course, a narrow and thin tip is in harmony with a long and narrow nose; with a wide and short - a thick and wide tip. Wide wings of the nose give the face an expression of energy, inspiration, impulse; a thin nose with narrow nostrils expresses concentration; the swollen wings of the nose - sensuality, vitality and voluptuousness, and the pointed, angular outlines of the nostrils emphasize nervousness.

The nose is characterized by pronounced age changes, which are manifested in an increase in the severity of the back, lowering of its base and the tip of the nose, in a decrease in the nasolabial angle against the background of deepening of the nasolabial folds.

In conclusion, the generally accepted, favorable criteria for evaluating the nose should be emphasized: these are subtle nostrils, full wings of the nose, a large, rounded tip of the nose and a high straight bridge of the nose.

LIPS

The most mobile part of the face is the area of \u200b\u200bthe mouth, which includes the lips and adjacent soft tissues that close the mouth opening (mouth). The lips form a space on the inside, which is separated from the actual oral cavity by tooth rows.

The most important functions are carried out through the mouth: eating, breathing, verbal communication, expression of emotions, kissing and other vital functions. By the condition of the lips, in combination with the expression of the eyes and other signs, one can judge the moral qualities of a person and his physical and mental state. Through even subtle movements of the lips, their tension or relaxation, the position of the corners of the mouth, a person expresses joy or pain, calmness or awe, anger or kindness, suffering or tenderness.

If pleasure is experienced, the mouth opens slightly; if painful sensations, it closes and contracts. When about to burst into tears, a person pulls his lips into a tube, and rejoicing - stretches them in a smile. Changing the position of only the corners of the mouth, changes the expression of the whole face: in a calm state, the corners of the mouth are located horizontally, with sadness, they are lowered, in joy, they are raised.

The lips have an amazing variety of plastic expressiveness; this is due to their shape, color, size, profiling, completeness, movement and other criteria.

It is customary to determine the shape of the lips by height, width and thickness. According to the thickness, anthropologists distinguish four types of lips: convex, thick, medium and thin (Fig. 22).

Humanity is a mosaic of races and peoples that inhabit our globe. The representative of each race and each people has a number of differences in comparison with representatives of other population systems.

However, all people, despite their race and ethnicity, are an integral part of a single whole - earthly humanity.

The concept of "race", division into races

Race is a system of a population of people who have a similarity in biological characteristics, which were formed under the influence of the natural conditions of the territory of their origin. Race is the result of the adaptation of the human body to those natural conditionsin which he had to live.

The formation of races took place over many millennia. According to anthropologists, at the moment there are three main races on the planet, including more than ten anthropological types.

Representatives of each race are connected by common areas and genes that provoke the emergence of physiological differences from representatives of other races.

Caucasoid race: signs and settlement

The Caucasian or Eurasian race is the largest race in the world. A characteristic feature of the appearance of a person belonging to the Caucasian race is an oval face, straight or wavy soft hair, a wide cut of the eyes, and an average thickness of the lips.

The color of eyes, hair and skin varies depending on the region of the population, but always has light shades. Representatives of the Caucasian race evenly inhabit the entire planet.

The final settlement on the continents took place after the end of the century of geographical discoveries. Very often, people of the Caucasian race tried to prove their dominant position over representatives of other races.

Negroid race: signs, origin and dispersal

The Negroid race is one of the three great races. The characteristic features of people belonging to the Negroid race are elongated limbs, dark, melanin-rich skin, a wide flat nose, large eyes, curly hair.

Modern scholars believe that the first man of the Negroid race arose around the 40th century BC. on the territory of modern Egypt. The main region of settlement of representatives of the Negroid race is South Africa. Over the past centuries, people of the Negroid race have settled significantly in the West Indies, Brazil, France and the USA.

Unfortunately, representatives of the Negroid race have been oppressed by "white" people for many centuries. They faced such anti-democratic phenomena as slavery and discrimination.

Mongoloid race: signs and settlement

The Mongoloid race is one of the largest races in the world. The characteristic features of this race are: dark skin color, narrow eyes, small stature, thin lips.

Representatives of the Mongoloid race predominantly inhabit the territory of Asia, Indonesia, and the islands of Oceania. Recently, the number of people of this race begins to increase in all countries of the world, which is caused by the intensification of the wave of migration.

The peoples inhabiting the earth

A people is a certain group of people who have a common set of historical characteristics - culture, language, religion, territory. The traditionally stable common feature of a people is its language. However, in our time, cases are common when different peoples speak the same language.

For example, the Irish and Scots speak english language, although they do not belong to the British. Today in the world there are several tens of thousands of peoples, who are systematized into 22 families of peoples. Many peoples that existed before disappeared at that moment or assimilated with other peoples.